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24 of 26 found the following review helpful:
 Decent. Aug 06, 2008
By G.E.
Kevin Carson is a rare species of anarchist: a Mutualist. This puts him in the tradition of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, one of the very first anarchists, and chief theorist of mutualism in Europe. You won't find many proponents for it in the general anarchist community, though, as anarcho-syndicalism and anarcho-communism have firmly replaced it not only in Europe, but also in the United States, where it had a more significant influence (many of the anarcho-individualists of the U.S. followed a philosophy that can best be described as a combination of Proudhon and Max Stirner.) Mutualism, as Carson himself puts it, has been stuck in a "time warp".
With "Studies in Mutualist Political Economy", however, Carson attempts to resurrect some of it. The book is divided into three parts. The first part, comprising roughly eighty pages, is an extended argument relating to the continued relevance of the labor theory of value (LTOV). Carson argues that, while the marginalists have made valid critiques of the LTOV, the cost theory of the classical economists still remains the key element in determining value, with the market used as a mechanism of deviation from this core element. He of course includes many exceptions and variations from this rule, and incorporates some of what he sees as the valid critiques of the marginalists. Personally, I didn't find this part of the book to be terribly interesting, except for the fact that he incorporates a pretty wide array of economic schools into his writing, from Marxists (Maurice Dobb) to classicals (David Ricardo) to neoclassicals (Alfred Marshall) to Austrians (Ludwig Von Mises).
It's the second part of Carson's book that I find the most interesting. Carson attacks "vulgar libertarianism" (libertarianism that is nothing more than a crude ideological front for "free market" capitalism) on two fronts. The first, which is that capitalism was established peacefully, and that those who first acquired wealth accumulated it justly and fairly, is taken apart directly after the LTOV section of the book. Carson shows through the history of feudal land policies during the late Middle Ages that the groundwork for early capitalism and "primitive accumulation" were indeed as Marx said, "written in letters of blood and fire". Colonialism and the Industrial Revolution in Britain are also touched upon.
Carson continues his rebuttal of the "laissez faire" argument by looking at the supposed system of laissez faire that existed during the Industrial Revolution in the United States. As he points out, from any standpoint this wasn't really "laissez faire" at all, as there was considerable state involvement in the protection of privilege. Benjamin Tucker's "Big Four" monopoly system is discussed at length, as is the difference between Lockean, Georgist, and mutualist theories of land ownership.
The rest of this part is an analysis of capitalism as it has existed lately, the crisis's it runs into due to its own nature, and how it copes with them (for instance, the shift from Keynesianism to the neoliberal "free market" agenda, or the opening of new markets outside the borders of a nation state with imperialism policies). There is a wealth of information available about these sort of topics out there, and this book only touches on them in general terms.
Finally, the last part of the book addresses the question of "now what?" Carson says that the whole enabler for exploitation is the state, which puts him at odds with Marxists and many anarchists as well (Noam Chomsky being a good example). Therefore, he argues, we must do everything in our power to oppose and undermine it. He urges cooperation between different factions to achieve short term goals against the state, both leftist and rightwing (he's a bit delusional on this point; it's hard to imagine a group like Food Not Bombs cooperating with a conservative group). Capitalism cannot sustain itself on its present course, and with its enforcer the state weakened, labor will finally be liberated. He closes the book with a bibliography and list of mutualist resources.
This book is available for free online at mutualist.org, so if you get a chance check it out.
6 of 15 found the following review helpful:
 Interesting but flawed May 23, 2010
By H. Devriese
This was my first encounter with the so-called mutualist anarchism, which is practically unknown outside North America. This book is a series of contributions of different depth and quality. It seems to be typical for the mutualist breed of anarchism: property (esp. land property) is at the center of its ideology. The paragraph on money, on the contrary, is very poor. The chapter on labor theory is based on really old stuff, that on American imperialism on the contrary on new information.
For a European, the whole ideology is not convincing. It seems more like a religion, in which the free market is Go(o)d, the state Bad. Withouth any nuance. What is really hilarious is that, following the Marxists, Carson finds the high middle ages with its cities and guilds, to be an example for mutualists! As if these cities were not states and as if the guilds were not monopolistic producer organisations, supported by the city-states!
Apart from the many flawed reasoning in the book, it contains lots of very interesting ideas. Above all, it lets the reader think about current situations, which we have learned as being normal, but for which there are alternatives.
All in all, perhaps a good book for people with a homesteading background, living in the Rocky mountains or Siberia, but I don't know how to apply this (asocial) theory in densely populated regions of Europe or South-East Asia.
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